diagnosis and treatment of cancer in medical textbooks of ancient iran.

research shows that ancient iranians were among the pioneers of medical science, and are therefore admired and praised by non-iranian scholars for their efforts and accomplishments in this field. investigations of medical and historical texts indicate that between the 10(th) and the 18(th) century a.d., ancient iran experienced a golden age of medicine. great physicians such as rhazes, al-ahwazi, avicenna and others reviewed the medical textbooks of civilizations such as greece and india, theories were scientifically criticized, superstitious beliefs were discarded, valuable innovations were added to pre-existing knowledge and the ultimate achievements were compiled as precious textbooks. alhawi by rhazes, cannon by avicenna, and kamil al-sina'ah by al-ahwazi are among the works that were treasured by domestic and foreign scientists alike, as well as future generations who continued to appreciate them for centuries. the above-mentioned textbooks discuss diseases and conditions related to neurosurgery, ophthalmology, ear, nose and throat, gastroenterology, urology, skeletomuscular system and other specialties, as well as cancer and similar subjects. one of the richest texts on the description, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and prognosis of cancer and therapeutic approaches is alhawi by mohammad ibn zakarya al razi (rhazes). this article presents a brief summary of rhazes' views about the definition of cancer, types, signs and symptoms, prevalence, complications, medical care, treatment and even surgical indications and contraindications. moreover, his opinions are compared against the views of other physicians and theories of modern medicine. it is also recommended to review the medical heritage of iran and evaluate the proposed treatments based on modern methodologies and scientific approaches.